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• Atomic Force Microscope
• 2D Impedance Imaging

2D Impedance Mapping

Frequency dependent transport measurements, including impedance spectroscopy and capacitance-voltage measurements, is a key tool for materials and device characterization and failure analysis. Rapid development of nanomaterials and nanoscale devices, as well as understanding of fundamental physics of transport phenomena, requires impedance measurements to be extended to the nanoscale.

Impedance (Z) is a measure of a system’s ability to impede the flow of electrical current, providing an extension of resistance totime or frequency dependent phenomena. Impedance is defined as the ratio between an applied sinusoidal voltage perturbation and a system's resultant current response.

Nanometer scale measurement and visualization of impedance is demonstrated for a wide variety of materials systems, including solid electrolytes, semiconductors, electroceramics, corrosion research, and Li-ion battery and fuel cell systems.

Examples:

• Au/SiN Test Structure
• ZnO Varistor Surface
• Nafion (PEM-FC Membrane) Surface